Convergence of per capita energy consumption around the world: New evidence from nonlinear panel unit root tests
使用六种非线性面板单位根检验，分析1971-2019年110个国家的人均能源消费是否趋同，发现高收入和中高收入国家存在随机趋同，但整体缺乏趋同对实现可持续发展目标7有重要政策含义。
This paper investigates the existence of stochastic and deterministic convergence in per capita energy consumption among the countries forming four income-level groups and a full sample of 110 countries over the 1971–2019 period. For that purpose, we employ six state-of-the-art nonlinear panel unit root tests with nonlinear dynamics that range from state-dependent nonlinearities such as ESTAR, AESTAR and TAR dynamics to time-dependent nonlinearities of structural break form. We find consistent evidence supporting stochastic convergence among high-income and upper-middle-income countries according to two of the six panel tests. Concerning the stronger notion of deterministic convergence, three tests point to deterministic convergence among high-income countries, and only one supports this hypothesis among upper-middle-income countries. Lack of convergence across all country groups carries important policy implications concerning the achievement of SDG7 of the global 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development that affects every single country in the planet.