Smooth sailing: market integration, agglomeration, and productivity growth in interwar Brazil
利用沿海航运数据和新经济地理框架，研究两次世界大战间巴西国内外贸易成本变化如何影响工业集聚与生产率增长，发现国内成本下降和国际贸易成本上升促使经济活动集中于圣保罗，集聚经济推动了1930年代的生产率增长。
Abstract Leveraging an original dataset on coastal shipping and invoking a new economic geography framework, we study the effects of domestic and international trade costs on industrial concentration and productivity growth in interwar Brazil. In the great wave of globalization before 1914, international trade costs were low and domestic costs high. Economic activity was dispersed along the coastline. The interwar period saw a reversal: international costs surged and domestic costs declined. Economic activity was increasingly concentrated in São Paulo. Agglomeration economies enabled productivity growth in the 1930s, mostly in durable and capital goods.