From carbon dependence to renewables: The European oil majors' strategies to face climate change
分析了10家欧洲国际石油公司应对气候变化的四种脱碳策略：持续碳依赖、碳补偿、碳减排和碳独立，发现只有一家公司真正转向远离化石燃料。
Abstract International oil companies play a central role in the transition towards a low‐carbon economy. These companies have the leadership and influence to advance technological alternatives or sustain the current dependence on fossil fuels. This article aims to analyse the decarbonisation strategies that European oil companies are performing in the wake of climate change. A document analysis was integrated with carbon emission data from 10 European international oil companies and uncovered the four main strategies adopted by companies: sustained carbon dependence, carbon emissions compensation, carbon emissions mitigation and carbon independence. The results indicate that companies have adopted variable levels of action, despite their overlapping discourse on climate mitigation, with only one of the analysed firms performing a transition away from fossil fuels.