Import Competition and the Gender Employment Gap in China
利用1990-2005年中国人口与企业普查数据，研究发现进口竞争加剧促使更多女性留在劳动力市场，长期缩小了原本扩大的性别就业差距，这一效应通过女性密集型产业扩张、性别歧视减少和计算机化技术升级实现。
Combining data from China’s population and firm censuses between 1990 and 2005, this paper relates prefecture-level employment by gender to the regionalized measure of exposure to tariff reductions. We find that increasing import competition kept more females in the workforce, reducing an otherwise growing gender employment gap in the long run. These dynamics were present both in local economies as a whole and among private firms in the formal industrial sector. The gendered employment effects of trade-induced competitive pressures can be attributed to an expansion of female-intensive industries, a reduction in gender discrimination, and technology upgrades through computerization.