Economic preferences and temperament traits among business leaders and paid employees
利用芬兰北部出生队列数据，比较企业领导者（经理、自雇者）与受薪雇员在经济偏好（风险、时间、社会偏好）和气质特征（伤害回避、奖赏依赖、求新性、坚持性）上的差异，发现求新性对成为经理重要，风险偏好对成为自雇者重要。
Abstract This paper explores individuals’ economic preferences and temperament traits among different categories of business leaders (i.e., managers, self-employed with employees, self-employed without employees) and paid employees. We assume that these quite stable preferences and traits play a role in predicting occupational choice toward leadership roles. We use a large individual-level survey dataset (n = 5890) from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 at age 46 with linkages to nationally registered data. We construct survey measures for three types of economic preferences: risk, time, and social preferences. We use Cloninger’s inventory to measure four main temperament traits: harm avoidance, reward dependence, novelty-seeking, and persistence. We show that business leaders, in general, have different economic preferences and temperament traits than paid employees. To become a manager, especially the temperament trait of novelty-seeking seems relevant; and to become self-employed, particularly the economic preference of risk-taking appears as important.