Entrepreneurial orientation in family firms: the effects of long-term orientation
研究家族企业长期导向对创业导向三个维度（创新性、前瞻性、风险承担）的影响，发现长期导向能提升创新性和前瞻性，但降低风险承担。
Purpose This paper aims to shed light on the relationship between long-term orientation (LTO) and the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in family firms while adopting a stewardship perspective. Design/methodology/approach A survey of the top managers of family firms in Iran's science and technology parks was conducted, and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the collected data. Findings The research results showed that LTO has a positive effect on innovativeness and proactiveness and a negative effect on riskiness. Therefore, family firms' LTO pays off by enhancing their EO. Practical implications In today's competitive world, EO is gradually becoming an inevitable necessity in many industries. Executives who want their firms to have a high level of performance should pay special attention to entrepreneurial behaviors. The present research informs the family firms' managers and practitioners to be long-term oriented to embrace more innovativeness and proactiveness, and less riskiness. Originality/value So far, the relationship between the LTO and entrepreneurial characteristics of family firms has remained ambiguous; this research is one of the first studies investigating this relationship.