Hours Constraints, Occupational Choice, and Gender: Evidence from Medical Residents
研究了2003年将住院医师周工时上限设为80小时的政策，发现当某专科减少工时后，更多女性进入该专科，而男性变化不大，且这一效应源于劳动力供给变化，可缩小医生性别工资差距11%。
Abstract Do the long work hours required by many high-paying professions inhibit the entry of women? I investigate this question by studying a 2003 policy that capped the average workweek for medical residents at 80 hours. Using data on the universe of US medical school graduates, I find that when a specialty reduces its weekly hours, more women enter the specialty, whereas there is little change in men’s entry. I provide evidence that the increase in women is due to changes in labour supply, rather than labour demand. At the residency program level, I document that baseline female representation predicts female entry after the reform. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that the reallocation of women among medical specialties due to the hours reduction can close the physician gender wage gap by 11$\%$.