Immigration and The Short- and Long-Term Impact of Improved Prenatal Conditions
利用1991年埃塞俄比亚犹太人移民以色列的准实验，研究发现女性在更早孕周移民会改善其教育和工作结果，但对男性无显著影响。
Abstract This paper investigates the effects of immigration from a developing country to a developed country during pregnancy on offspring outcomes. We focus on intermediate- and long-term outcomes, using quasi-experimental variation created by the immigration of Ethiopian Jews to Israel in May 1991. Individuals conceived before immigration experienced dramatic changes in their environmental conditions at different stages of prenatal development depending on their gestational age at migration. We find that females whose mothers immigrated at an earlier gestational age have better educational outcomes. They also tend to work more as adults. In contrast, we do not find any effect among males.