Did the Bologna Process Challenge the German Apprenticeship System? Evidence from a Natural Experiment
利用1997-2015年行政数据，通过自然实验方法评估博洛尼亚进程引入3年制本科学位对德国双元学徒制的影响，发现改革显著减少了高学历新学徒数量，尤其是文职类学徒，企业长期部分用大学毕业生替代。
The Bologna Process reformed the German university system by introducing 3-year undergraduate degrees. We evaluate the effects on the dual apprenticeship system, where 29% of new apprentices are also qualified for university. For identification, we exploit regional and temporal variation in reform adoption, using administrative student and labor market data from 1997–2015. The Bologna reform implementation reduced the number of new highly educated apprentices considerably. In particular, clerical apprenticeships were affected. Firms did not substitute with less educated apprentices but partly replaced the lower supply of new highly educated apprentices with university graduates in the long run.