Production Clustering and Offshoring
构建了一个国际生产模型，允许生产链任意长度和来源国数量，且生产过程不必完全顺序。研究发现贸易成本促使企业地理集群，贸易自由化则促进生产碎片化，集群模式取决于生产结构特征。
I introduce a model of international production that allows the production chain to be of any length or number of sourcing countries and in which the production process does not have to be perfectly sequential. The presence of trade costs in this model makes firms cluster their production geographically, while trade liberalization allows firms to fragment their production more. Clustering patterns depend on the characteristics of the production structure, with stronger clustering associated with longer and less connected structures. Clustering intensity in upstream stages of production is generally higher and less affected by exogenous changes in production structure.