Heterogeneity in disease resistance and the impact of antibiotics in the US
研究发现，1937年磺胺类药物引入后，美国各州因遗传易感性不同而死亡率下降幅度不同，表明遗传抵抗力与医疗技术是替代品，并影响劳动力年龄和教育程度。
We hypothesize that the impact of antibiotics is moderated by a population's inherent (genetic) resistance to infectious disease. Using the introduction of sulfa drugs in 1937, we show that US states that are more genetically susceptible to infectious disease saw larger declines in their bacterial mortality rates following the introduction of sulfa drugs in 1937. This suggests area-level genetic endowments of disease resistance and the discovery of medical technologies have acted as substitutes in determining levels of health across the US. We also document immediate effects of sulfa drug exposure to the age of the workforce and cumulative effects on educational attainment for cohorts exposed to sulfa drugs in early life.