When Everything Interacts with Everything Else: Intervening in Messes
针对管理学者和政策制定者关注的深层社会问题（如“棘手问题”“重大挑战”），提出RAFFT框架，整合规则、能动性、反馈、框架和张力五个主题，作为诊断和干预工具，促进研究与实践的融合。
There is growing interest among management scholars, policy makers and practitioners in understanding and addressing deep-seated societal problems, often termed ‘wicked problems’, ‘grand challenges’ or ‘messes.’ An expansive body of research and practice-based literature has appeared with little evidence to-date of synthesis across research streams, tools and practices. We also note a bifurcation between management scholarship and practice in this area that hinders cumulative learning and cross-fertilization to inform practice and policy questions. In this paper, we introduce the RAFFT framework composed of five inter-related themes that underpin messiness (rules, agency, feedback, frames and tensions), and are grounded in knowledge triangulated across thought worlds from research and practice. Supported by illustrative examples from research and practice., we present this heuristic framework as both a diagnostic tool and an intervention repertoire. We hope that this framework can serve as a starting point for further development by researchers and practitioners working more closely together to build cumulative knowledge.