Issue linkage versus ringfencing in international agreements*
研究了在主权约束下，当未来合作收益不确定时，议题隔离比议题关联更能促进国际合作，尤其当不确定性足够大时。
Abstract Issue linkage is often regarded as a means to enhance international cooperation in the presence of a sovereignty constraint. This constraint means a country can leave an agreement whenever it likes, if the perceived gains from leaving are larger than the gains from staying in the agreement. We set up a model of international agreements in which future gains from cooperation are uncertain, and it is bad realizations that can lead to exit. In this environment, we show that ringfencing dominates issue linkage, even in the absence of complementarities between separate issues, if the degree of uncertainty is sufficiently large.