The Dynamics of Work Orientations: An Updated Typology and Agenda for the Study of Jobs, Careers, and Callings
整合回顾了工作取向（工作、职业、使命）的研究，发现现有研究过度关注使命取向且静态看待取向，提出由工作/使命与职业两个正交维度构成的四类新框架，并识别了驱动取向变化的四个关键因素，为未来研究提供了更新议程。
Why does a person work? Over the last two decades we have seen an exponential growth in research distinguishing three orientations towards work (job, career, calling) and how they bear on who we are and what we do. Our integrative review of this literature highlights an outsized focus on the calling orientation as well as a static view of work orientations in general. More fundamentally, we find consistent evidence in the empirical record contradicting the idea of three, mutually exclusive work orientations. Instead, we derive an alternative framework, consisting of two orthogonal dimensions (job/calling and career) yielding four profiles. Using this new framework, we work to resolve prior contradictions, definitional confounds, and erroneous assumptions. Further, we catalogue insights pertaining to how and when an individual’s work orientation changes over time including identifying four key drivers (learning, affect, hardship, and their relationships). We conclude by offering an updated agenda for future research including a need for career orientation research to catch up with our knowledge of calling, an embrace of variance (and moderation) in sampling, more consideration of temporal variation, as well as situating work orientations in organizational practices and a rapidly changing world.