Aspirational hope, dairy farming practices, and milk production: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in Bolivia
对531名玻利维亚奶农进行随机对照试验，通过三次辅导课程提升抱负希望，三个月后观察到抱负希望指数和商业目标指数提高0.20σ，质量提升实践指数提高1.07σ，但牛奶产量增加不显著。
Development economics has increasingly studied the role of diminished aspirations and other internal constraints that may form poverty traps. We present results from a controlled experiment to develop aspirational hope among 531 dairy farmers in Bolivia. Subjects in the treatment group participated in three coaching sessions that involved watching an inspiring documentary and participating in group workshops designed to augment aspirations related to dairy production. Results three months after baseline show an increase of 0.20σ in both an aspirational hope index and a business goals index, a 1.07σ increase in an index of quality-enhancing practices, but an insignificant increase in milk production. Increases in aspirations and best practices were strongest among those displaying high levels of intrinsic motivation at baseline.