Environmental efficiency, irreversibility and the shadow price of emissions
研究了在调整生产和减排资本能力不对称的情况下，如何通过非参数方法估算污染物影子价格的上下界，并应用于39国纸浆造纸行业，发现美国、中国和爱尔兰环境效率最低，且调整成本不对称。
Assessing the production of goods and services while minimizing the damage to the environment is a key component to advance sustainable development at national and global levels. The nonparametric estimation of lower and upper bounds on shadow prices of pollutants is undertaken to support the design of policies promoting environmental efficiency in the presence of asymmetry in adjusting productive and abatement capital capacity. This framework is applied to the pulp and paper sector of 39 countries for 1996-2009, and finds that the USA, China and Ireland are the most environmentally inefficient countries in the pulp and paper sector. The adjustment costs associated with net investment and disinvestment are found to be asymmetric. For those nations where the shadow price of CO2 is lower than the carbon tax, there is still an opportunity to abate emissions further. Results on complementarity or substitutability between pollutants are in general inconclusive.