What’s the Point of Efficiency? On Heath’s Market Failures Approach
本文批评希思的市场失灵方法，指出即使在理想竞争下，帕累托效率也可能导致严重伤害；在非理想条件下，该方法要么要求过高要么要求不足；并质疑其依赖法规和道德要求来补救市场失灵的有效性，最后提出改进建议。
This article reviews and criticizes Joseph Heath’s market failures approach (MFA) to business ethics. Our criticism is organized into three sections. First, we argue that, even under the ideal assumptions of perfect competition, when markets generate Pareto-efficient distributions, Heath’s approach does not rule out significant harms. Second, we show that, under nonideal conditions, the MFA is either too demanding, if efficiency is to be attained, or not sufficiently demanding, if the goal of Pareto efficiency is abandoned. Finally, we argue that Heath’s appeal to regulations and specific moral requirements as a remedy for market failures is unlikely to safeguard efficiency and exposes a number of general worries regarding the moral force of the MFA. We end this article with a constructive suggestion on how to adjust the MFA to avoid these problems while preserving its contractualist and Paretian spirit.