The Political Economy of Hatred*
研究仇恨的强度与对象由什么决定，认为仇恨源于政治家编造历史罪行以打击对手，而消费者选择相信，形成均衡。少数群体的贫富程度、宪法限制和日常互动影响仇恨水平。
What determines the intensity and objects of hatred?Hatred forms when people believe that outgroups are responsible for past and future crimes, but the reality of past crimes has little to do with the level of hatred.Instead, hatred is the result of an equilibrium where politicians supply stories of past atrocities in order to discredit the opposition and consumers listen to them.The supply of hatred is a function of the degree to which minorities gain or lose from particular party platforms, and as such, groups that are particularly poor or rich are likely to be hated.Strong constitutions that limit the policy space and ban specific anti-minority policies will limit hate.The demand for hatred falls if consumers interact regularly with the hated group, unless their interactions are primarily abusive.The power of hatred is so strong that opponents of hatred motivate their supporters by hating the haters.