Repugnant innovation
研究了在令人反感的市场中出现的规避型创业，即令人反感的创新，通过电子烟、在线赌博和网络摄像头模特三个案例，说明这种创新如何挑战由长期规范、态度、习俗和传统控制的非正式制度。
Abstract Repugnant innovation is a form of evasive entrepreneurship that occurs in repugnant markets. Repugnance is an informal institution – controlled by long-lived norms, attitudes, customs and traditions – and repugnant innovation acts to shift institutions at the lowest level of the institutional stack. The paper considers three examples of repugnant innovation: e-cigarettes, online gambling, and webcam modelling. Each repugnant innovation challenges the complex mixture of material and moral concerns that contributes to repugnance in their respective markets. The paper adds to and expands on a body of evidence about innovation in apparently unsupportive institutional environments.