Shape of U: The Nonmonotonic Relationship Between Object–Location Memory and Expectedness
通过四个虚拟现实实验（共137名成人），发现物体位置的记忆与预期性呈U形关系：高度预期和意外位置比中性位置记忆更好，但U形两端均与回忆而非熟悉性相关。
(SLIMM) model predicts that memory for object locations is a U-shaped function of the expectancy of those locations. Using immersive virtual reality, we presented participants with 20 objects in locations that varied in their congruency with a kitchen schema. Bayes factors across four experiments (137 adults in total) confirmed the (preregistered) prediction of better memory for highly expected and unexpected locations relative to neutral locations. This U shape was found in location recall and in forced-choice recognition in which the foil locations were matched for expectancy, controlling for the bias toward guessing expected locations. A second prediction was that the two ends of the U shape are associated with different expressions of memory: recollection of unexpected locations and familiarity for expected locations. BFs, propagated across experiments, provided evidence against this second prediction; recollection was associated with both ends of the U shape. These findings further constrain theories about the role of schema in episodic memory.