How large are double markups?
估计了美国制造业中由于上游和下游企业都加价而产生的双重加价规模，发现许多行业存在显著的双重加价，原因是上下游加价幅度大且存在规模报酬递增。
Because prices exceed marginal costs in many upstream and downstream industries, downstream prices often reflect a double markup. This paper estimates the size of double markups across many industries accounting for direct and indirect upstream markups. The double markups in many U.S. manufacturing industries are significant because of large upstream and downstream markups and increasing returns to scale.