The heterogenous relationship between migration and innovation: Evidence from Italy
研究了意大利各省国际和国内移民对不同技能水平及三类知识产权（专利、商标、设计权）的影响，发现国内移民比国际移民对创新影响更显著，中高技能移民正面关联创新，低技能移民负面关联，且北部发达省份与其余地区存在差异。
This paper offers a novel take on the relationship between migration and regional innovation by analysing the impact of both international and internal migration flows across Italian provinces, by skill level, and on three types of intellectual property rights (IPRs), namely patents, trademarks and design rights. Allowing us to capture innovation beyond technology and high-tech manufacturing, our results shed light on the relationship between different types of migrant human capital and this array of innovative outcomes. Focusing on Italian provinces in the period 2003–2012, our empirical analysis reveals that internal migration is more significantly related to innovation than international migration. Moreover, medium- and high-skilled migrants are positively associated with all three types of IPRs, while low-skilled migration has a negative association. There are also significant differences across provinces, with a clear distinction between the more economically developed Northern provinces and the rest of Italy.