Effects of corruption on foreign direct investment: Evidence from Swedish multinational enterprises
利用1997-2015年瑞典制造业企业数据，研究发现腐败经验（即之前在腐败系统中的投资）能降低腐败对跨国企业进入的阻碍，使企业获得竞争优势。
In this paper, we provide novel evidence on the adjustment of multinational enterprises (MNEs) to corrupt environments. We examine if the corruption barrier to entry is reduced by corruption experience (i.e., previous investment in a corrupt system) using a rich enterprise data set on Swedish manufacturers’ activities in the 1997–2015 period. A mixed logit model, which accounts for enterprise-specific market substitution patterns, is used to ensure the accuracy of estimates. Our findings show that a strong deterrent effect of corruption is counteracted by corruption experience, which implies that MNEs learn to adjust to reduce corruption entry costs. Multinational enterprises that acquire corruption experience gain a competitive advantage over other enterprises.