Who Opts In? Composition Effects and Disappointment from Participation Payments
研究了参与报酬（如临床试验报酬、签约奖金）如何吸引更多学习成本高的人参与，导致他们因信息不足而更容易失望，且信息获取越困难该效应越强。
Abstract Participation payments are used in many transactions about which people know little but can learn more: incentives for medical trial participation, signing bonuses for job applicants, or price rebates on consumer durables. Who opts into the transaction when given such incentives? We theoretically and experimentally identify a composition effect whereby incentives disproportionately increase participation among those for whom learning is harder. Moreover, these individuals use less information to decide whether to participate, which makes disappointment more likely. The learning-based composition effect is stronger in settings in which information acquisition is more difficult.