Two sides of the coin: exploring the duality of corruption in Latin America
利用结构方程模型，将两种腐败类型作为潜变量，分析1980-2018年拉丁美洲数据，发现腐败既源于贪婪，也可能是市场失灵的一种解决方式。
Abstract The ambiguous phenomenon of corruption has long been the cause of great theoretical debate in economics. By using Structural Equation Modelling, with the two types of corruption as a latent variable, this paper employs causal and indicative variables to the Latin American region to test for rent seeking and systemic corruption during 1980–2018. The findings provide evidence for two types of corruption, one generated by greed, and the other a solution to market failures. Such results support the view that corruption encompasses a complex set of social behaviours that may require a stronger definitional approach.