Railways, Growth, and Industrialization in a Developing German Economy, 1829–1910
研究了工业革命期间铁路通达对符腾堡教区人口、收入和工业化的平均及异质性影响，发现铁路对早期工业教区的增长效应更大，但这类教区稀少，导致平均增长效应较小，并加剧了经济差距。
This paper studies the average and heterogeneous effects of railway access on parish-level population, income, and industrialization in Württemberg during the Industrial Revolution. We show that the growth-enhancing effect of the railway was much greater in parishes that were larger and more industrial at the outset. However, such early industrial parishes were rare in the relatively poor German state. This might explain why we find small average growth effects, which only increase at the end of the nineteenth century. Heterogeneity in the impact of the railway thus increased economic disparities within Württemberg and contributed to the state’s relatively sluggish growth.