Attitudes not set in stone: Existential crises changing residents’ irritation
基于新冠疫情前后两轮数据，研究发现居民对旅游的态度并非固定，而是随危机波动，并识别出三类居民类型，为Doxey不满指数提供了存在主义危机视角的补充。
This study discusses the application of Doxey's irritation index in the face of existential crises. Building on the COVID-19 pandemic, data was collected at two time points (prior to the crisis and after the first wave). Our two sequences of data show that residents' attitudes are by no means fixed, with perceptions of overcrowding bouncing back and concerns about reduced economic benefits. In an attempt to develop ample descriptions of emerging concerns during existential crises, three archetypes of residents are identified and displayed using alluvial diagrams: (a) advocates of positive tourism impacts; (b) demanders of sustainable tourism; and (c) boycotters of further tourism developments. Theory is complemented by recalibrating the irritation index with an empirically-grounded existential crisis perspective that demonstrates shifting attitudinal patterns and provides grounds for discussions on the progress of Doxey's irritation index.