Caught between outreach and sustainability: The rise and decline of Dutch credit unions
研究了荷兰信用合作社如何从服务中小企业逐渐转向富裕客户，最终被政府支持的银行和商业银行挤出市场，并探讨了使命漂移的原因及其对当代社会企业的启示。
This paper explores the history of Dutch credit unions (credietvereenigingen). Launched to provide SME credit, these credit unions gradually drifted away from their original aims, hereby increasingly targeting a wealthier echelon of clients at the expense of their poorer customers. In the end, they were squeezed out of business by new, government-supported SME banks and the big commercial banks. This study is devoted to understanding why this drift occurred and how this ultimately determined the development of these institutions. Thereby, it deepens our understanding of the similar challenges faced by present day social enterprises (most notably microcredit institutions) which may also succumb to mission drift, and hints to possible solutions in which such drift may be prevented.