Are Girls' and Boys' Cognitive Test Performance in Adolescence Differently Affected by Deprivation at Earlier Ages?*
利用埃塞俄比亚、印度、秘鲁和越南的千禧儿童数据，研究发现早期营养增长和家庭财富是预测青少年数学、阅读和词汇成绩的重要因素，且性别差异在贫困与非贫困地区表现不同。
Abstract Using data on the Millennium Children from the Young Lives Survey in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam, we find that earlier nutritional growth and household wealth are important predictors of adolescent outcomes in math, reading, and receptive vocabulary for all children. Gender differences in the effect of wealth are significant mostly for non‐poor regions. The cognitive outcomes at age 8 are more strongly associated with growth between ages 1 and 5 for girls than boys. The gender differences reverse after age 8 mostly due to strong associations between growth in preadolescence ages and cognitive outcomes at age 15 for boys. Under the conditional mean independence assumption, the estimators for growth of the children are unbiased and consistent.