Rural conservatism and the urban spirit of capitalism? On the geography of human values
利用欧洲社会调查数据，研究了欧洲城乡和区域间的价值观差异，发现保守性与开放性的城乡差异最显著，且保守性与低GDP相关，而自我增强（资本主义行为维度）与人口密度正相关。
This analysis makes an empirical enquiry into urban–rural and regional value differences in Europe. In this task we use the 7th Round of the European Social Survey (ESS) and Eurostat’s NUTS-level data and focus on four value orientations derived from the Human Values Scale: Self-enhancement, Self-transcendence, Openness to change and Conservation. Results show that the most distinct urban–rural differences lie in the Conservation versus Openness to change axis. Additionally, Conservation is associated with lower regional gross domestic product (GDP), whereas Self-enhancement, emphasizing a motivation for self-interest and interpersonal rivalry and hence behavioural dimension of capitalism, is positively associated with population density.