Scarcity nationalism during COVID-19: Identifying the impact on trade costs
研究了新冠疫情期间各国为扩大国内稀缺医疗产品供应而采取的出口和进口政策（稀缺民族主义）如何直接和间接（通过中间品贸易）增加了关键医疗产品的贸易成本。
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries used export and import policy as a tool to expand the availability of scarce critical medical products in the domestic market (scarcity nationalism). This paper assesses the direct and indirect (via trade in intermediates) increases in trade costs of critical medical goods resulting from these uncooperative policies. The results show that scarcity nationalism led to substantial increases in trade costs between February 2020 and December 2021 for most COVID-19 critical medical products, particularly garments (for example, face masks) and ventilators. The exception is vaccines, which saw a reduction in trade costs, which, however, was driven by the reduction in indirect trade costs for high-income countries, consistent with the view of a COVID-19 vaccine production club.