Coordination in a closed-loop sustainable supply chain considering dual-channel and cost-sharing contract: Evidence from an emerging economy
运用博弈论方法，研究新兴经济体中零售商传统渠道和制造商在线渠道并存的双收集渠道闭环供应链，通过集中与分散模式、不同权力结构及成本分摊契约，优化定价、需求、回收率等决策，实现经济与环境可持续目标。
Due to the significant role of the reverse supply chain (RSCs) in collecting used products and achieving a sustainable environment, both scholars and industries have paid close attention to pricing in reverse and closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs). Moreover, with the rapid development of the Internet and e-commerce in the latest decades, researchers have examined the impact of constructing online return channels based on customer behavior. In this article, a game-theoretic approach was applied to find the optimal economic and environmentally sustainable solutions in a two-level CLSC with a dual collecting channel including the retailer’s traditional channel and the manufacturer’s online channel. The purpose of the current study is to optimise the selling price, acquisition prices, market demand, channels return rate, the portion of manufacturing new products, and cost-sharing contract (CSC) participation shares for each player. For this purpose, various policies, such as centralised and decentralised modes, different structures such as Nash bargaining power, manufacturer-leader Stackelberg, and retailer-leader Stackelberg have been considered. However, the main contribution of this work compared to the existing literature is considering two CSCs from both retailer and manufacturer points of view, with a real case analysis from an emerging economy. In addition, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis has been carried out to enhance the validation of the proposed model. The results indicated that the manufacturer-leader Stackelberg strategy leads to the lowest profit for the SC in both decentralised and cooperative policies. However, when the retailer and manufacturer have equal decision-making power (Nash strategy) and the retailer participates in the remanufacturing cost (i.e. cost-sharing type-2) both the economic and environmentally sustainable goals of CLSC were met.