External relations of an Industry 4.0 cluster: the case study of the Hamburg aviation cluster
以汉堡航空集群为例，探讨数字转型（工业4.0）时代集群的外部扩张本质，区分于经典国际化，对研究产业集群和航空业的学者有参考价值。
Based on the case study of the Hamburg aviation cluster (HAv), this paper touches upon the nature of cluster processes in digital transformation (Industry 4.0). The discussion is carried out with reference to the concept of hubbing, while highlighting the difference between classic internationalization. The aim of the paper is to unearth the nature of the cluster’s external expansion in the digitally reshaped era by investigating the case of an advanced aviation cluster officially branded as an Industry 4.0 cluster.