Management, productivity, and technology choices: evidence from U.S. mining schools
研究管理者对生产率的间接影响，通过历史案例发现管理者通过选择电气机车技术带来平均3%的生产率提升，而直接效应不显著。
Abstract A key difference between managers and other production inputs is that managers choose the other inputs. Modelling management as a Hicks‐neutral productivity shifter, which is a common practice, omits the productivity returns from these input decisions. I illustrate this through a historical episode in which technology choices were important and managers plausibly influenced those choices. I study the entry of the first mining college graduates into coal mine management positions in Pennsylvania. Whereas the Hicks‐neutral productivity effect of these managers was negative and not significantly different from zero, their indirect productivity effect through electrical locomotive adoption was 3% on average.