Social inclusion, social exclusion, and the role of leaders in avoiding—or promoting—societal collapse
本文回顾了社会包容、社会排斥、激进化与社会崩溃的概念，分析美国近二十年社会资本下降导致政治危机风险上升的现状，并强调民主社会中政治与行政领导在应对挑战、恢复社会资本中的关键作用。
Abstract Not since the late 1850s has the United States seen the portents leading to a major political crisis be so numerous and grave. Over the last two decades, local and national social capital has steeply declined, culminating in a near‐collapse of social capital within the last 6 years. The potential for a national political crisis is now more plausible, making a dramatic crisis (e.g., bloodless revolt, a civil war, or secession) conceivable within a generation. This article reviews the interlocking concepts of social inclusion, social exclusion, radicalization, and societal collapse and draws from these concepts to elucidate the antecedents to major political crises. We connect these observations to the central role of political and administrative leadership in a democratic society in challenging times. Integrative recommendations for combating extremism and radicalization are provided to highlight key strategies for restoring social capital and stability.