Firm-Embedded Productivity and Cross-Country Income Differences
利用跨国企业微观数据，发现企业嵌入生产率（如蓝图、管理实践等）在欠发达国家更稀缺，解释了样本中三分之一的人均产出跨国差异。
We measure the contribution of firm-embedded productivity to cross-country income differences. By firm-embedded productivity we refer to firm-specific components of productivity, such as blueprints, management practices, and other intangible capital. Using micro-level data for multinational enterprises (MNEs), we compare market shares of the same MNE in different countries and document that they are systematically larger in less developed countries. This indicates that MNEs face less competition and that firm-embedded productivity is scarce in these countries. We implement a measure of firm-embedded productivity based on this observation. Differences in firm-embedded productivity account for one-third of the cross-country variance in output per worker in our sample.