Business Creation and Political Turmoil: Ireland versus Scotland before 1900
利用新收集的商业创建数据，发现19世纪末爱尔兰的创业活动远低于苏格兰，且差距随时间波动，政治不确定性（尤其是爱尔兰地方自治前景）是重要原因，对北爱尔兰影响最大。
What effect does political instability in the form of a potential secession from a political union have on business formation? Using newly collected data on business creation, we show that entrepreneurial activity in Ireland in the late nineteenth century was much lower than Scotland, and this divergence fluctuated over time. Several factors may have contributed to this, but we argue that political uncertainty about the prospect of a devolved government in Ireland played a role. The effects were most acute in the North of Ireland, the region that was most concerned by potential changes.