Getting along with frenemies: enhancing multi-competitor coopetition governance through artificial intelligence and blockchain
研究了人工智能（特别是联邦学习）和区块链如何通过增强治理来支持多竞争者之间的竞合，发现这些技术能保护数据、提高透明度、减少信息不对称，从而平衡集体价值创造与个体价值获取。
Collaborating with one competitor is difficult but collaborating with several competitors is a monumental challenge. However, multi-competitor coopetition, or cooperation between multiple competitors, is increasing. This study examines how recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain can support multi-competitor coopetition by enhancing governance. Examining two coopetitive R&D consortia in pharmaceuticals and medical imaging, we find that a nascent form of AI called federated learning can address key coopetition concerns such proprietary and confidential data protection, knowledge leakage, data sovereignty and silos thereby maintaining organisational boundaries and autonomy. The use of federated learning and blockchain increases transparency and accountability, which reduces information asymmetries and power differential inequities. Together, these technologies decentralise governance and authority, reducing the tension between collective value creation and individual value appropriation inherent in coopetition, particularly those with multiple competitors. Finally, this study illustrates how emerging technologies challenge traditional assumptions about organisational boundaries, distributed innovation, and coopetition.