A bivariate relative poverty line for leisure time and income poverty: Detecting intersectional differences using distributional copulas
构建了收入与休闲的二元相对贫困线，利用2018年墨西哥数据发现，考虑休闲时间后贫困率比单独收入或时间测量高出18个百分点，尤其揭示了非土著女性的隐性贫困。
Empirical research on poverty today often goes beyond a focus on income to consider other dimensions of well‐being. However, relatively few multidimensional poverty measures explicitly consider time‐use, despite its particular relevance to women's double burden of paid and unpaid work. We construct a bivariate relative poverty line between income and leisure, based on their joint distribution in the population. Because the strength of the dependence between income and leisure influences the vulnerability to poverty, we incorporate distributional regression into copula models. Utilizing the 2018 Mexican National Survey of Households, Income and Expenses, we investigate differences in bidimensional poverty with respect to gender and ethnicity. We find that the fraction defined as bidimensional poor is 18 percent points higher than the poverty rate computed from separate time and income measures. Those below the relative but above the absolute poverty line are primarily non‐indigenous women whose poverty is made visible by our approach.