The Covid‐19 pandemic and European trade flows: Evidence from a dynamic panel model
本文用动态面板模型分析欧洲国家月度与季度数据，发现新冠疫情显著抑制进出口，但数字化缓解了冲击并加速复苏，且贸易影响小于2007-2009年全球金融危机。
Abstract This paper investigates the impact of the Covid‐19 pandemic on trade flows in the case of the European countries. First, an ARDL dynamic panel model is estimated using the PMG method to analyse monthly data covering the most recent period (2019M1–2021M12); then, the GMM and PCSE approaches are applied to a much longer span of quarterly data (2000Q1–2021Q4), which also includes the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2007–2009, in order to compare the trade impact of two different crises. The findings based on the monthly data provide clear evidence of the significant negative effects of the Covid‐19 pandemic on both exports and imports in both the short and the long run, and also suggest that digitalisation was instrumental in mitigating the impact of the crisis and speeding up the recovery. The quarterly analysis over a longer time period indicates that both the GFC and the Covid‐19 pandemic had negative effects on trade but of a different magnitude. The use of digital technology enabling remote work and e‐commerce are again some of the factors likely explaining why international trade fell by less and also rebounded much more quickly during the Covid‐19 pandemic compared to the GFC.