Market structure and creative cluster formation: the origins of urban clusters in German literature, 1700–1932
利用153位德国著名作家1700-1932年的年度数据，研究政治经济环境变化如何促进文学集群的形成，发现早期作家分散分布，后期则集中于经济政治中心。
Abstract Using yearly data on 153 prominent German authors (1700–1932), we show how changes in the political and economic environment facilitated the formation of literary clusters. Early authors follow general population patterns, leading to geographic dispersion in a patronage system characterized by spatial competition. At the end of the nineteenth century, authors concentrate in large economic and political capitals. These changes in location patterns mirror trends in political and territorial consolidation and the professionalization of authorship. The last cohort shows large-scale migration into literary centers around the age of 20 years. Therefore, these literary clusters are not due to changing birth locations.