Neighbourhood Gangs, Crime Spillovers and Teenage Motherhood
利用丹麦1986-1998年难民随机安置数据，发现社区帮派犯罪率增加男孩犯罪概率和女孩成为青少年母亲的可能性，并导致成年后男性失业、女性收入降低和福利依赖。
Abstract Using an identification strategy based on random assignment of refugees to different municipalities in Denmark between 1986 and 1998, we find strong evidence that gang crime rates in the neighbourhood at assignment increase the probability of boys to commit crimes before the age of 19, and that gang crime (but not other crime) increases the likelihood of teenage motherhood for girls. Higher levels of gang crime also have detrimental and long-lasting effects, with men experiencing significantly higher levels of inactivity and women experiencing lower earnings and higher levels of welfare benefit claims at ages 19 to 28.