Water in Scarcity, Women in Peril
研究发现地下水稀缺导致针对女性的性暴力增加，负向冲击（地下水位低于长期均值）使强奸报案数上升，机制是女性外出取水时间延长、暴露于更高风险。
We provide evidence that groundwater scarcity results in an increase in sexual violence against women. Negative shocks, measured as the year-to-year variation in subsurface water from the long-term mean, result in an increase in reported rapes. We bolster our identification by providing insights from geology that explain why annual fluctuations in subsurface water are largely geogenic and hence exogenous. We posit that these negative shocks increase the time required for women to collect water from outside the house, thus exposing them to a heightened risk of violent attack. We find empirical support for this hypothesis and show evidence that makes alternative explanations untenable.