Inga Heiland discussion of: Teacher bias
研究教师对移民背景学生的歧视，利用盲评与非盲评考试成绩对比，发现教师接触移民越多，偏见越强，导致移民学生成绩更低。
Negative biases and stereotypes against persons with migratory backgrounds turn immigrants’ daily lives into an uphill battle. Discrimination in school sets the stage for fewer opportunities in the labour market and the consequent lasting social and economic disadvantages. This paper studies discrimination by teachers against students with migratory backgrounds and provides evidence that greater exposure to immigration reinforces negative biases against immigrants, which materialize in lower grades for students with these backgrounds. Detecting discrimination is a challenging task because differences in outcomes between different groups of people may also be due to differences in abilities that are unobservable to the researcher. This paper exploits a unique setting in which, besides non-blind graded test results, the researchers observe students’ scores from a blind-graded standardized test in the same subject. The availability of the two sets of test scores permits the authors to compare students with and without migratory backgrounds that perform equally well in the blind-graded tests with regard to the grades received for tests during which the students’ migratory backgrounds are known to the teacher.