The End of an Era for Foreign Lobbying? The Emergence of Foreign Transparency Laws in Washington, Canberra and Brussels
本文比较了美国、澳大利亚和欧盟的外国透明度法，分析它们如何定义外国行为者、游说类型和保护规范，指出这些法律可能意外涵盖非目标行为者，对欧盟影响尤其显著。
Abstract The lobbying of other countries' political and legal elites has emerged as a security risk globally. The securitization of foreign lobbying has prompted the adoption of specialized legal regimes, that is, foreign transparency laws, to enable the scrutiny of how foreign actors lobby. This article analyzes and compares such laws in the United States, Australia and the European Union (EU) with respect to three issues: (1) the definition of a foreign actor, (2) the definition of a type of foreign lobbying and (3) the definition of a protected normative good. While the impetus to legislative reform has often rested on a concern with authoritarian governments, the foreign transparency laws capture diverse kinds of foreign influence activities and actors. They may thus catch in their nets actors or types of influence never intended to be caught in the first place. This has particularly significant implications for the EU as a polity and foreign policy actor.