Inference and extrapolation in finite populations with special attention to clustering
针对经济学中常用的无限总体推断公式，给出了有限总体抽样的正确公式，特别关注处理效应和聚类问题，并指出有限总体校正的适用性取决于难以观测的参数，研究者只能得到估计量方差的界限。
Statistical inference in economics is commonly based on formulas assuming infinite populations. We present appropriate formulas for use when sampling from finite populations, with special attention given to issues of treatment effects and to issues of clustering. Issues of whether to apply finite population corrections are often subtle, and appropriate corrections may depend on difficult to observe parameters, leaving the investigator only with bounds on relevant estimator variances.