On the right track? Railways and population dynamics in Spain, 1860–1930
研究19世纪铁路如何影响西班牙人口分布，发现靠近车站的市镇人口增长更快，但效果因地区特征和时间而异，铁路既促进了要素流动和集聚经济，也加剧了人口空间不平等。
Abstract This article explores how 19th century railways shaped population dynamics in Spain. Results showed that the municipalities closest to stations experienced significantly greater population growth. However, this effect was heterogeneous over time and depended on the territorial specificities and municipal features of the areas traversed. It was greatest in densely populated and industrializing areas, and in the valleys and the coast, although it also remained relevant in less dynamic contexts. These findings suggest that railways likely stimulated factor mobility and economies of agglomeration. However, this technology also reinforced existing hierarchies thus exacerbating an unequal distribution of the population in space.