Measuring local employment multipliers and informal employment: a stochastic frontier approach
为政策制定者提供了一种新工具，通过随机前沿方法估算就业乘数，并考虑了未观测到的非正规就业。研究发现，西班牙各省贸易部门每增加1个岗位，非贸易部门将增加1.2个岗位，且技能型消费者越多，乘数越高、非正规就业越少。
This paper offers policymakers a novel tool for calculating employment multipliers. A theoretical model incorporating a non-tradeable employment function is combined with a stochastic frontier methodology to estimate an accurate multiplier. The advantage of this model is that it allows a consideration of unobserved informal employment when estimating the multiplier. We find an employment multiplier effect of 1.2 jobs in the non-tradeable sector for one job in the tradeable sector. Also, the greater the number of skilled consumers, the higher the multiplier indices and the lower the level of informal employment. Moreover, specialised sectors requiring skilled workers also present less informal employment. We use provincial data for Spain over the period 1995–2013.