Input Efficiency as a Solution to Externalities and Resource Scarcity: A Randomized Controlled Trial
通过随机对照试验评估节水技术，发现工程预测的节水效果是实际的三倍，且采用该技术的私人福利收益平均为负，挑战了“效率悖论”的假设。
Resource-conserving technologies are widely reported to benefit both the people who adopt them and the environment. Evidence for these “win-win” claims comes largely from modeling or nonexperimental designs and mostly from the energy sector. In a randomized trial of water-efficient technologies, the ex ante engineering estimate of water use reductions was three times higher than the experimental estimate, a divergence arising from engineering and behavioral reasons other than the rebound effect. Using detailed cost information and experimentally elicited time and risk preferences, we infer that the private welfare gains from adoption are, on average, negative, implying no “efficiency paradox.”