The Economics of Border Carbon Adjustment: Rationale and Impacts of Compensating for Carbon at the Border
分析了边境碳调整（BCA）作为应对碳泄漏的经济工具，探讨其设计在环境有效性、经济竞争力、技术可行性与WTO合规之间的权衡，并指出进口限制型BCA比免费排放配额更能减少泄漏但无法保护出口竞争力。
International trade contributes directly to global greenhouse gas emissions, as the carbon content of high-emission products is priced differently in different countries. This phenomenon is termed carbon leakage. Thus, not putting a price on carbon is theoretically equivalent to an export subsidy, although that would be difficult to challenge in the context of multilateral trade law. Leakage can be alleviated by pricing the carbon embedded in imported products through a border carbon adjustment (BCA), be it a tax, a carbon tariff, or a regulation requiring the purchase of emissions allowances. The design of a BCA is a compromise between environmental effectiveness in preventing leakage, economic effectiveness in preserving competitiveness and ensuring acceptability, technical feasibility of the implementation, and World Trade Organization compatibility. An import-limited BCA is more effective than free emissions allowances in reducing leakage, but it does not preserve the export competitiveness of the country imposing it.